Zero emission vehicle
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A zero emission vehicle (ZEV) is a vehicle itself that produces no emissions or pollution from the vehicle when stationary or operating. According to California Air Resources Board (CARB)'s definition<ref>http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/solutions/advanced_vehicles_and_fuels/californias-zero-emission-3.html </ref>, a ZEV is a car has:
- No tailpipe emissions
- No evaporative emissions
- No emissions from gasoline refining or sales
- No onboard emission-control systems that can deteriorate over time
ZEV program applies to: 1) passenger cars and 2) light duty trucks, including: smaller pick-up trucks, larger pick-up trucks and SUVs. ZEV program does not apply to buses and large commercial trucks.
CARB ZEV program
CARB established the ZEV program in 1990 to meet air quality goals <ref>Gustavo Collantes and Daniel Sperlinga, The origin of California’s zero emission vehicle mandate, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Volume 42, Issue 10, December 2008, Pages 1302-1313</ref>. New 2005 and subsequent model year vehicles that produce zero exhaust emissions of any criteria pollutant (or precursor pollutant) under any and all possible operational modes and conditions with certain excepts for fuel-fired heaters are classified as ZEVs.
ZEV vehicles
ZEV program currently recognizes four categories of vehicle <ref>Green Car Congress, California Air Resources Board Votes to Modify ZEV Program in Short-Term; Complete Overhaul to Begin for New ZEV II, http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/03/california-air.html</ref>:
| Category | Vehicle Acronym | Vehicles |
|---|---|---|
| Gold | ZEV | hydrogen fuel cell (FCV), battery electric vehicles (BEV) |
| Silver+ | Enhanced AT-PZEV | Plug-in hybrids or hydrogen-ICE |
| Silver | AT-PZEV | Hybrid, compressed natural gas, methanol fuel cell |
| Bronze | PZEV | Extremely clean conventional vehicle |
According to the latest ZEV definitions, there are six types of ZEVs<ref>CARB, The 2008 ZEV Program Fact Sheet, http://arbis.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/factsheets/2008zevfacts.pdf</ref>:
| ZEV Type | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Type I | 50-75 mile EV | Limited Range Battery EV |
| Type I.5 | 75-100 mile EV | City Electric Vehicle |
| Type II | 100-200 mile EV | Full function Battery EV |
| Type III | 200 mile EV, or
100+EV with fast refueling | Fuel Cell or BEV |
| Type IV | 200+EV with fast refueling | Fuel Cell |
| Type V | 300+EV with fast refueling | Fuel Cell |
ZEV Program History
The following table shows the CARB's ZEV program historic changes from 2001 to present.<ref>EIA, California Low Emission Vehicle Program, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo04/leg_reg3.html</ref>
| Plan Year | 1998-2000 | 2001 | 2003 | 2003-08 | 2009-11 | 2012-14 | 2015-17 | 2018- |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 Plan (failed) | 2% | 5% | 10% | - | ||||
| 1996 Changes (failed) | Removed | 10% | - | |||||
| 2001 Changes (failed) | - | 10%(2%ZEV+2%AT-PZEV+6%PZEV) | 11% | 12% | 14% | 16% | ||
| 2002 | CA government was sued by automakers | |||||||
| 2003 Changes<ref>CARB Fact Sheet: 2003 ZEV program, http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/factsheets/2003zevchanges.pdf</ref> | - | 250 | 2,500 | 25,000 | 50,000 | - | ||
| 2008 New Option<ref>2008 CARB ZEV Program Fact Sheet, http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/factsheets/2003zevchanges.pdf</ref> | - | 7,500(ZEV) & 58,000(PZEV) | 25,000(ZEV) | |||||
Penalty
According to the Motor Vehicle Code, failure to comply with the regulation results in a $5,000 penalty per vehicle not produced.<ref>http://pubs.its.ucdavis.edu/publication_detail.php?id=1038</ref>
2008 Updates
In March 2008, California Air Resources Board (CARB) made a resolution for providing ZEV production option to automakers.<ref>CARB, Preliminary Summary of Air Resources Board Action (3/27/08) for ZEV Program, http://arbis.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevreview/summary.pdf</ref>. Basically the option is added due to foreseeing feasibility and popularity of PHEV (Enhanced AT PZEVs).
| Gold Vehicle | Silver+ (PHEV) | |
|---|---|---|
| Existing Req. (Phase III: 2012-14) |
25,000+ | 0 |
| New option (Phase III: 2012-14) |
|
58,333+ |
| Existing Req. (Phase IV: 2015-17) |
50,000+ | 0 |
| New option (Phase IV: 2015-17) |
25,000 pure ZEVs (if option is taken) |
The resolution also increase the credit for long range FCVs from 5 to 7 credits and redefine long range to 300 miles.
2009 Updates
In June 2009, CARB announced ZEV program update for 2009<ref>California Air Resources Board, California’s Zero Emission Vehicle Program Tutorial, http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zev_tutorial.pdf, June 2009.</ref>. The update details the 11 steps for ZEV execution.
Step 1: Size Determination=
Step 2: ZEV Base Volume Determination
Step 3: Requirement Determination
Step 4: Allowances
Step 5: Applicable Multiplier Determination
Step 6: Total Credit Calculation
Step 7: Rules on Credit Use
Step 8: Special Provisions
Step 9: Travel Provision
Step 10: Demonstration of Compliance
Step 11: Penalties
References
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