Zero emission vehicle
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A zero emission vehicle (ZEV) is a vehicle itself that produces no emissions or pollution from the vehicle when stationary or operating. According to California Air Resources Board (CARB)'s definition<ref>http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/solutions/advanced_vehicles_and_fuels/californias-zero-emission-3.html </ref>, a ZEV is a car has:
- No tailpipe emissions
- No evaporative emissions
- No emissions from gasoline refining or sales
- No onboard emission-control systems that can deteriorate over time
ZEV program applies to: 1) passenger cars and 2) light duty trucks, including: smaller pick-up trucks, larger pick-up trucks and SUVs. ZEV program does not apply to buses and large commercial trucks.
CARB ZEV program
CARB established the ZEV program in 1990 to meet air quality goals <ref>Gustavo Collantes and Daniel Sperlinga, The origin of California’s zero emission vehicle mandate, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Volume 42, Issue 10, December 2008, Pages 1302-1313</ref>. New 2005 and subsequent model year vehicles that produce zero exhaust emissions of any criteria pollutant (or precursor pollutant) under any and all possible operational modes and conditions with certain excepts for fuel-fired heaters are classified as ZEVs.
ZEV vehicles
ZEV program currently recognizes four categories of vehicle <ref>Green Car Congress, California Air Resources Board Votes to Modify ZEV Program in Short-Term; Complete Overhaul to Begin for New ZEV II, http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/03/california-air.html</ref>:
| Category | Vehicle Acronym | Vehicles |
|---|---|---|
| Gold | ZEV | hydrogen fuel cell (FCV), battery electric vehicles (BEV) |
| Silver+ | Enhanced AT-PZEV | Plug-in hybrids or hydrogen-ICE |
| Silver | AT-PZEV | Hybrid, compressed natural gas, methanol fuel cell |
| Bronze | PZEV | Extremely clean conventional vehicle |
According to the latest ZEV definitions, there are six types of ZEVs<ref>CARB, The 2008 ZEV Program Fact Sheet, http://arbis.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/factsheets/2008zevfacts.pdf</ref>:
| ZEV Type | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Type I | 50-75 mile EV | Limited Range Battery EV |
| Type I.5 | 75-100 mile EV | City Electric Vehicle |
| Type II | 100-200 mile EV | Full function Battery EV |
| Type III | 200 mile EV, or
100+EV with fast refueling | Fuel Cell or BEV |
| Type IV | 200+EV with fast refueling | Fuel Cell |
| Type V | 300+EV with fast refueling | Fuel Cell |
ZEV Program History
The following table shows the CARB's ZEV program historic changes from 2001 to present.<ref>EIA, California Low Emission Vehicle Program, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo04/leg_reg3.html</ref>
| Plan Year | 1998-2000 | 2001 | 2003 | 2003-08 | 2009-11 | 2012-14 | 2015-17 | 2018- |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 Plan (failed) | 2% | 5% | 10% | - | ||||
| 1996 Changes (failed) | Removed | 10% | - | |||||
| 2001 Changes (failed) | - | 10%(2%ZEV+2%AT-PZEV+6%PZEV) | 11% | 12% | 14% | 16% | ||
| 2002 | CA government was sued by automakers | |||||||
| 2003 Changes<ref>CARB Fact Sheet: 2003 ZEV program, http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/factsheets/2003zevchanges.pdf</ref> | - | 250 | 2,500 | 25,000 | 50,000 | - | ||
| 2008 New Option<ref>2008 CARB ZEV Program Fact Sheet, http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/factsheets/2003zevchanges.pdf</ref> | - | 7,500(ZEV) & 58,000(PZEV) | 25,000(ZEV) | |||||
Penalty
According to the Motor Vehicle Code, failure to comply with the regulation results in a $5,000 penalty per vehicle not produced.<ref>http://pubs.its.ucdavis.edu/publication_detail.php?id=1038</ref>
2008 Updates
In March 2008, California Air Resources Board (CARB) made a resolution for providing ZEV production option to automakers.<ref>CARB, Preliminary Summary of Air Resources Board Action (3/27/08) for ZEV Program, http://arbis.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevreview/summary.pdf</ref>. Basically the option is added due to foreseeing feasibility and popularity of PHEV (Enhanced AT PZEVs).
| Gold Vehicle | Silver+ (PHEV) | |
|---|---|---|
| Existing Req. (Phase III: 2012-14) |
25,000+ | 0 |
| New option (Phase III: 2012-14) |
|
58,333+ |
| Existing Req. (Phase IV: 2015-17) |
50,000+ | 0 |
| New option (Phase IV: 2015-17) |
25,000 pure ZEVs (if option is taken) |
The resolution also increase the credit for long range FCVs from 5 to 7 credits and redefine long range to 300 miles.
2009 Updates
In June 2009, CARB announced ZEV program update for 2009<ref>California Air Resources Board, California’s Zero Emission Vehicle Program Tutorial, http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zev_tutorial.pdf, June 2009.</ref>. The update details the 11 steps for ZEV execution.
Step 1: Size Determination
ZEV regulations are only subject to the automakers have California sales quantity greater than 4500 for its average sales in previous three years. However, independent small-volume vehicle manufacturer is not subject if its sales volume is less than 10,000.
Step 2: ZEV Base Volume Determination
The ZEV base volume is different from the sales-size in step 1. Subjected automakers can choose two different methods to calculate ZEV base volume, (1) Prior Years Method (an average of the previous 4th, 5th, and 6th model year from model year in which you are complying) or (2) Same Year Method (A projection of sales for the model year in which you are complying)
Step 3: Requirement Determination
The yearly ZEV regulations are 2009-2011: 11%, 2012-2014: 12%, 2015-2017: 14%, 2018+: 15%. The types of required and allowed vehicles included: ZEVs (Gold), Enhanced AT-PZEVs (Silver +), AT-PZEVs (Silver), and PZEVs (Bronze). Here are 4 examples for MY 2012 ZEV fleet requirements (total must be 12%):
- 12% ZEV, or
- 0.79% ZEV + 11.21% Enhanced AT-PZEV, or
- 0.79% ZEV + 2.21% Enhanced AT-PZEV + 9% AT-PZEV, or
- 0.79% ZEV + 2.21% Enhanced AT-PZEV + 3% AT-PZEV + 6% PZEV.
Other than market share in fleet, each automaker must fulfill credit requirements defined by CARB.
Step 4: Allowances
ZEV program defines the following four Types of Allowances:
- 1. PZEV Allowance
- PZEC allowance = 0.2 for vehicles that meet SULEV emission standards, zero evaporation emissions, meet OBD requirements for 150,000 mile, and 15 year/150,000 mile extended emissions warranty.
- 2. Low Fuel Cycle Emission Allowance
- LFCE allowance = 0.3 for vehicle with Non-Methane Organic Gas (NMOG) < 0.01 grams/mile. Basically the qualified vehicles are CNG and hydrogen vehicles.
- 3. Zero-Emission VMT Allowance
- This allowance type mainly covers the plug-in hybrid vehicles with all electric range (AER) greater than 10 miles as qualification. Since blended and extended-range PHEVs have different emission characteristics due to their distinct control strategies, the AER needs to be calculated differently.
- Blended PHEVs: equivalent all electric range (EAER)
- Extended-ranged PHEVs: Urban charge depletion range actual (Rcda)
Utility Factor (UF) – Found in SAE J2841
- 4. Advanced Componentry Allowance
- AC allowance = 0.2 for Gaseous fuel (3600 psi)
- AC allowance = 0.3 for Hydrogen fuel (5000 psi)
Step 5: Applicable Multiplier Determination
Step 6: Total Credit Calculation
Step 7: Rules on Credit Use
Step 8: Special Provisions
Step 9: Travel Provision
Step 10: Demonstration of Compliance
Step 11: Penalties
References
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