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In an effort to conserve national energy and to improve automobile efficiency, Congress enacted laws that help motivate vehicle manufacturers to invest in research and manufacturing of vehicles with higher fuel economy and better efficiency.

This list was compiled to gain a better understanding of U.S. policies on vehicle regulations and the effect they have on manufacturers and consumers. We wish to use this information in our optimization model, combining influence of policy with engineering goals and market demands and.

This is not exhausted list but it will be updated further ASAP.

Contents 1 US Federal Policies 1.1 Current Policies 1.1.1 Emission Standards 1.1.2 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) 1.1.3 Gas Guzzler Tax 1.1.4 Alternative Fuel Tax Incentives 1.1.5 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 2 US States Policies 2.1 Current Policies 2.1.1 Feebate 2.1.2 California 2.1.3 New York 2.2 Proposed policies 3 EU Policies 3.1 Current Policies 3.2 Proposed policies 3.2.1 An Energy Policy for Europe (10/01/2007 ) 4 Canada Policies 4.1 Current Policies 4.1.1 Fuel Economy 4.1.2 Feebate 4.2 Proposed policies 5 Asia 5.1 Current Policies 5.1.1 Japan's Fuel Economy 5.2 Proposed policies 6 References 7 External Links

US Federal Policies

US government's energy policies and environmental regulations related to light-duty vehicles.

Year	Bill Title	Descriptions
2009	American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA)<ref>American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=111_cong_bills&docid=f:h1enr.pdf</ref>	Modified tax credits for alt. fuel infrastructure and plug-in hybrids. Expand funding to states and local for speeding up fleet turnover; i.e. replace old Diesel engine with new cleaner ones. Add grants for R&D of advanced vehicle batteries and system components.
2008	Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA)<ref>Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h1424enr.txt.pdf </ref>	Modified and extended key tax credits for biofuels and other alternative fuels. Established a tax credit for the purchase of plug-in hybrids.
2008	Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (the 2008 Farm Bill)<ref>Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h2419enr.txt.pdf</ref>	Expended the biofuel programs initiated by the 2002 Farm Bill. Reduced the tax credits for ethanol produced from corn and other conventional feedstocks (starting in 2009). Established credits for biofuels produced from cellulosic matter, e.g. trees and perennial grasses.
2007	Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA)<ref>Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h6enr.txt.pdf</ref><ref>Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: A Summary of Major Provisions. CRS Report RL34294. http://energy.senate.gov/public/_files/RL342941.pdf</ref>	Tightened federal CAFE standards and targeted a combined fuel economy of passenger cars and light trucks at 35 mpg in 2020. Set new renewable fuels target at 9.0 billion gallons in 2008 Set new renewable fuels target at 36 billion gallons in 2022. EISA also mandated the use of 21 billion gallons of advanced biofuels.
2005	Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005) <ref>Energy Policy Act of 2005. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:h6enr.txt.pdf </ref>	Increased biofuel consumption to 4, 6.1 and 7.5 billion gallons by 2006, 2009 and 2012, respectively.
1992	Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct 1992)<ref>Energy Policy Act of 1992, TITLE V--AVAILABILITY AND USE OF REPLACEMENT FUELS, ALTERNATIVE FUELS, AND ALTERNATIVE FUELED PRIVATE VEHICLES. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c102:1:./temp/~c102zuh1KD:e370796</ref>	Requires the purchase of AFV in governmental fleet. State governments, and alternative fuel providers
1975	Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA)<ref>Title 42, Chapter 77 - Energy Conservation Act. http://www.earthscape.org/p1/ES15243/EPCA_ToC.html</ref>	Established fuel economy standards (CAFE) for passenger cars and light trucks.

Current Policies

Federal environmental regulation policies for vehicles that are already enforced.

Emission Standards

Emission Standards

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) is the required average fuel economy for a vehicle manufacturer's passenger cars and light trucks with gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of at most 8,500 lbs each year.

Gas Guzzler Tax

Energy Tax Act of 1978 imposed set gas guzzler tax penalties on car manufacturers who fail to meet the minimum fuel economy level of 22.5 mpg. This does not include minivans, sport utility vehicles or pick-up trucks. It is intended to discourage the production and purchase of fuel inefficient vehicles.

Alternative Fuel Tax Incentives

Currently there are several tax incentives for alternative fuels<ref>Brent D. Yacobucci, Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues in Congress. February 13, 2009http://opencrs.com/getfile.php?rid=80668</ref>:

• Tax credit for conventional ethanol: $0.45 per gallon (2009). (was $0.51 in 2008)
• Tax credit for biodiesel and renewable diesel: $1.00 per gallon
• Tax credit for other alternative fuels, e.g. LPG: $0.50 per gallon
• Tax credits for small ethanol and biodiesel producers: $.10 per gallon
• Tax credits for production of cellulosic biofuels:up to $1.01 per gallon

Summary of Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology Vehicle Tax Incentives Under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 Tax Incentive Type<ref>Yacobucci, Brent D. 2005. Tax Incentives for Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology Vehicles. CRS Report RS22351. http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/data/2005/meta-crs-9258.tkl </ref>

Tax Incentive Type	Maximum Credits	Expiration Date
Hybrid vehicle	$3,400	Dec. 31, 2009
Lean-burn vehicle	$3,400	Dec. 31, 2010
Fuel-cell vehicle	$12,000	Dec. 31, 2014
Alternative fuel vehicle	$4,000	Dec. 31, 2010
Residential refueling infrastructure	$1,000	Dec. 31, 2009
Retail refueling infrastructure	$30,000	Dec. 31, 2009

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Technology Provisions<ref>American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, http://fdsys.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-111hr1ENR/pdf/BILLS-111hr1ENR.pdf</ref>:

Topic	Division	Policy details	Page
Advanced battery manufacturing	Department of Energy	$2 billion grants for the manufacturing of advanced batteries and components in the US, including advanced lithium ion batteries, hybrid electrical systems, component manufacturers, and software designers.	page 24
Advanced technology vehicles manufacturing	Department of Energy	$10 millions for administrative expenses for the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program.	page 26
Energy-efficient federal motor vehicle fleet procurement	Department of Energy	$300 millions for acquiring motor vehicles with higher fuel economy, including: hybrid vehicles; electric vehicles; and commercially-available, plug-in hybrid vehicles	page 36
Temporary increase in tax credit for alternative fuel refueling property	Tax Provisions	For 2009 and 2010, increase credit for retail installations to 50% and maximum credit to $50,000; increases residential credit to $2,000; for hydrogen retail infrastructure, maintains 30% credit but increases maximum to $200,000	Page 211

US States Policies

State-wide environmental regulation policies for vehicles.

Current Policies

State-wide environmental regulation policies for vehicles that are already enforced.

Feebate

A feebate is a policy to strengthen the market for environmentally preferable vehicles by charging a fee or paying a rebate to purchasers, depending on environmental performance and fuel efficiency of the vehicles.

California

Several important environmental regulations in California follows:

• Alternative Fuel Tax
• Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Requirements
• Emission Reduction Requirements
• Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Acquisition Requirements

California environmental regulation policies for vehicles

New York

Several important environmental regulations in Mew York follows:

• Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Acquisition Requirements
• Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) Sales Requirement
• Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Economy Requirements – New York City

New York state environmental regulation policies for vehicles

Proposed policies

Proposed policies that may be put into effect as US state environmental regulation policies for vehicles. (not updated yet)

EU Policies

European environmental regulation policies for vehicle.

Current Policies

European regulation policies for vehicle that is already enforced.

(Soon to be updated)

Proposed policies

Proposed policies that may be put into effect as European environmental regulation policies for vehicles.

An Energy Policy for Europe (10/01/2007 )

Three-year action plan toward a common European every policy that would improve the continent's precarious energy security.

An Energy Policy for Europe

Canada Policies

Canadian environmental regulation policies for vehicle.

Current Policies

Canadian regulation policies for vehicle that is already enforced.

Fuel Economy

Currently there is no Fuel Economy set in Canada. However, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper has said that for the first time ever, Canada “will regulate the fuel efficiency of motor vehicles, beginning with the 2011 model year.”

See related article below.

Canada Will Regulate Vehicle Fuel Economy

Feebate

Canada uses Feebate system measures to encourage fuel-efficient vehicle purchase

-Green Levy (the gas guzzler tax): C$1000 to C$4000 tax on new passenger car vehicles (excluding trucks) with fuel consumption of 13.1 1/100km combined (18 mpg) or more

-Rebates: up to C$2000 in rebates for new cars getting 6.5 1/100km (36 mpg) or better and new light trucks getting 8.3 1/100km (28.3 mpg) or better

-Fuels: C$2.5 billion over seven years allocated towards an operating incentive to producers of renewable alternative to gasoline.

Proposed policies

Proposed policies that may be put into effect as Canadian environmental regulation policies for vehicles.

(Soon to be updated)

Asia

Asian countries' environmental regulation policies for vehicle.

Current Policies

Asian countries' regulation policies for vehicle that is already enforced.

Japan's Fuel Economy

We are still looking into this information and will be updated ASAP.

Proposed policies

Proposed policies that may be put into effect as Asian countris' environmental regulation policies for vehicles.

-Japan's higher Fuel Economy Regulation (April 2006)

-Fuel Economy Standards for Large Trucks and Buses (Dec 2006)

Japan's proposed environmental regulation policies for vehicles

References

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External Links

1. EPA’s Fuel Economy and Emissions Programs
2. NHSTA CAFE Overview
3. U.S. Department of Energy - State & Federal Incentives & Laws
4. FuelEconomy.gov Frequently Asked Questions
5. Emission Standard Wikipedia
6. Green Car Congress
7. Google news - Senators offer new CAFE plan June, 21, 2007
8. Canada will regulate vehicle fuel economy
9. Canada Introduces Measures to Encourage Fuel-Efficient Vehicle Purchases